Verdi Il trovatore
Tuesday 24 March 2026 - 20 h (Gala)
Thursday 26 March 2026 - 20 h
Saturday 28 March 2026 - 20 h 30
Part 1 : 1h10 | Interval : 25min | Part 2 : 1h05
Drama in four parts
Music by Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)
Libretto by Salvatore Cammarano, completed by Leone Emmanuele Bardare, based on the drama El Trovador by Antonio García Gutiérrez
Premiere: Rome, Teatro Apollo, 19 January 1853
Production Opéra de Monte-Carlo,
in coproduction with Teatro Real de Madrid and Royal Danish Opera
Italians call Rigoletto, La traviata and Il Trovatore the “trilogia popolare”, an opera fan’s all-time favourites. The stories show Verdi’s passion for contemporary literature – Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas fils, the Spanish playwright Antonio García Gutiérrez –, and his fascination for characters from the edge of society. The deformed jester Rigoletto, the high-class escort Violetta Valéry, and the gypsy Azucena were considered unfit for principal roles in those days, especially when calling for your sympathy.
Il Trovatore is often ridiculised as a string of musical hits with a totally incomprehesible story. But when you boil it down, it is simple really: Two men fight for the love of a noble woman. One is a count, the other a gypsy soldier, but when in the end most of the main characters are dead, it turns out that the latter was the count’s long-lost brother.
The juxtaposition of female figures is great: the innocent object of desire, Leonora, tries to escape from her situation in the only ways possible for a girl of her standing – the monastery, and suicide. Azucena, on the other hand, is a magnificent portrait of a passionate, sometimes distraught, mature woman.
ORCHESTRE PHILHARMONIQUE DE MONTE-CARLO
Act I - The duel
The Aljafería palace of Aragon
Beneath the dark vaults of the palace, Ferrando, captain of Count di Luna’s guard, speaks of his master’s jealousy: each night, the Count prowls beneath the windows of Leonora, whom he loves and suspects of being drawn to the charms of a rival, a troubadour. To keep the soldiers alert, Ferrando recounts a dreadful legend: long ago, a gypsy woman accused of bewitching the Count’s younger brother was burned alive. To avenge her, her daughter Azucena abducted the child. Bones of a young boy were found among the ashes… yet the father never ceased to believe his son alive and urged his elder son, the Count di Luna, to pursue the search for his lost sibling relentlessly.
In the palace gardens, Leonora confides to her companion Inès the ardent love she once felt for a mysterious knight who had triumphed in a tournament. Years later, she realizes that the troubadour Manrico, who sings beneath her windows, is that same valiant warrior. Inès urges her mistress to renounce this love, sensing its ominous fate.
Night falls. The Count, still lurking near Leonora’s apartments, hears the troubadour’s song. Drawn by the music, Leonora descends into the gardens. Darkness breeds confusion: misled by the night, she throws herself into the Count’s arms before recognizing her true beloved. Humiliated, di Luna’s hatred is inflamed — Manrico is now both a romantic rival and a political enemy. The two men engage in a duel.
Act II - The gypsy
A gypsy encampment at the foot of the mountains
Amid anvils and flames, the gypsies greet the dawn. Azucena remains haunted by her visions, reliving the pyre on which her mother perished. She recounts to Manrico her mad act of vengeance: to avenge her mother’s death, she abducted the Count’s son to throw him into the fire — but in the confusion, she sacrificed her own child instead. The old Count’s son survived. Manrico listens, deeply shaken, without yet grasping the full meaning of her confession. He wonders whether he is truly Azucena’s son, but she reassures him and urges him to feel no remorse toward Count di Luna.
A messenger arrives with urgent news: Leonora, believing Manrico dead after the duel, is about to enter a convent. Despite his wounds and Azucena’s pleas, Manrico rushes to her side.
The Count di Luna, still obsessed, attempts to abduct Leonora from the convent just as she is about to take her vows. Manrico intervenes and wins the fight, fleeing with his beloved. The conflict between the two men has now escalated beyond repair: war has begun.
Act III - The Gypsy's Son
The camp of Count di Luna, beneath the fortress of Castellor
The Count’s troops besiege the fortress where Manrico and Leonora have taken refuge. Ferrando captures a wandering gypsy woman and brings her before the Count. Recognizing her as the daughter of the sorceress once condemned, di Luna realizes he finally holds a formidable means of pressure in his hands. The mother of his enemy will allow him to satisfy a double vengeance: for his murdered brother and for the love stolen by the troubadour.
As Manrico and Leonora prepare to unite in secret, the terrible news arrives: Azucena is to be burned alive. Manrico renounces happiness and rushes to his mother’s aid. Love yields to filial duty and revenge.
Act IV - The execution
The Aljafería Palace
Leonora wanders near the tower where Manrico and Azucena are imprisoned. From the depths of the dungeon rise a prayer and the troubadour’s voice. Determined to save him, she implores the Count and offers herself to him in exchange for Manrico’s life. Before revealing the truth to Manrico, she seals her sacrifice by secretly swallowing poison.
In the prison, Manrico tries to comfort Azucena, still haunted by the memory of the pyre. Leonora appears and announces their freedom, but Manrico realizes she will not flee with him. Believing himself betrayed, he rejects her - only to understand, too late, the sacrifice she has made.
Discovering he has been deceived, the Count orders the immediate execution of his rival, in whose arms Leonora dies.
Once the sentence has been carried out, Azucena reveals the ultimate truth: Manrico was the brother Count di Luna had been looking for since childhood.
Vengeance is fulfilled, leaving behind only ruin and silence.
Five facts to discover before the curtain rises
1
Giuseppe Verdi was personally involved in shaping the libretto of Il trovatore. Inspired by the Spanish drama El trovador by Antonio García Gutiérrez, the work was entrusted to librettist Salvadore Cammarano. His sudden death in 1852 brought the process to a halt. Verdi refused to abandon the project: he imposed his dramatic choices, demanded revisions, and ensured the coherence of the opera’s key scenes. Rarely has a composer exercised such direct control over the theatrical structure of an opera.
2
In contrast to the noble, self-sacrificing heroines of Romantic opera, Azucena is a harsh, tormented figure, obsessed with revenge and haunted by the memory of the pyre. By placing a gypsy woman at the heart of the drama, Verdi broke with the social and moral conventions of his time.
3
Premiered in 1853 at the Teatro Apollo in Rome, Il trovatore emerged in a still-fragmented Italy marked by political tension. Themes of vengeance, civil war, and loyalty to sworn oaths resonated strongly with the ideals of the Risorgimento. The Roman public, and the nation at large, embraced the work with immediate enthusiasm.
4
In the mid-20th century, Il trovatore underwent a profound dramatic reappraisal thanks to Maria Callas, who left an enduring mark on the work through her portrayal of Leonora, notably in 1956 at La Scala.
Through her dramatic commitment and deeply theatrical approach to singing, the character of Leonora was no longer confined to that of an elegiac, virtuoso heroine: Callas transformed her into a tragic figure, torn by inner contradictions and endowed with rare psychological intensity.
5
Il trovatore inspired several film adaptations from the mid-20th century onward. In 1949, Italian director Carmine Gallone released a filmed version starring Gino Sinimberghi, firmly rooted in the grand tradition of Italian operatic melodrama.
A dungeon in Aljafería Castle, Zaragoza. The troubadour and valiant soldier Manrico has been taken prisoner by Count Luna, his fierce political enemy, who uses violence and blackmail to win Manrico’s bride Leonora over to himself. Manrico has fallen asleep, while Leonora enters. She finds Azucena in a dreamlike stupor with her eyes staring into the void.
Azucena (muttering to herself): History repeats itself: years ago, Luna’s father burnt my mother to death for trying to look into his newborn son’s future. Luna, the baby’s elder brother, is taking revenge on me for this now. He will throw me onto the stake in a few hours, while I am clearly seeing before me all things future and past!
Leonora (softly): Azucena, I came to tell Manrico that he will go free. I promised to marry Luna if he lets Manrico go first. But I have taken poison and will die before such a marriage can be consumed – Manrico is my only true husband!
Azucena (irritably): Once again, an innocent woman forsakes her own dreams and surrenders her life to get her man out of trouble…
Leonora: But isn’t that what we learn from the ancient myths and stories that pervade our Western culture? They are mainly created by men…
Azucena: Fortunately, people like Verdi and Wagner begin to introduce different female images into their oeuvre. Yes, it is still the pure, submissive ones like you, who usually save their husbands. But here, with me, you are juxtaposed with a strong, independent, often sexually more attractive counterpart…
Leonora: Society changes, and so do theatregoers… But speaking about Verdi, it is surprising that he chooses a gypsy as a main character and makes us feel so sympathetic towards you, maybe more than for any of the others.
Azucena: Absolutely. And my music is quite different from yours – it is full of strong, repetitive rhythms, there is an abruptness in the vocal lines, an element of wildness and hysteria. Also, you can often hear the flames of the fire constantly torturing my mind…
Leonora: Do you think it is true that our story is incomprehensible?
Azucena: I would advise people to read the actual libretto, not a synopsis. There, everything unfolds logically, step by step. The composition is far more episodic than linear, however, and modern actually. Like an experimental film…
Il trovatore is a ghost story, a dark thriller that tells how the spectres of our need for revenge (for Azucena), our regrets (for Manrico), and our unfulfilled desires (for Luna) trap and ultimately destroy us.
Il trovatore is about the weight of the past, the past that haunts us, the past that shatters any possibility of the present, the future or love.
Only Leonora, like Fidelio’s Leonora, understands that love and the present moment are the only way forward, and she helps Manrico to accompany her, but Azucena, haunted by her mother and son burned alive, is the very channel through which the past casts its net of fire and consumes them.
The mistakes we make by refusing to live our present freely echo again and again, like the refrains of the troubadours’ ballads.
Francisco NEGRIN
DIRECTOR