Haendel Giulio Cesare in Egitto
Friday 26 January 2024 - 19 h
Sunday 28 January 2024 - 15 h
Tuesday 30 January 2024 - 19 h
Dramma per musica in three acts
Music by Georg Friedrich Haendel (1685-1759)
Libretto by Nicola Francesco Haym after the text of Giacomo Francesco Bussani
Premiere : King’s Theatre at Haymarket, London, 20 february 1724
New production
It was for the British capital and its refined, opera seria loving public that Georg Friedrich Handel reserved the quintessence of his art. The premiere of Giulio Cesare in Egitto at the King’s Theatre, Haymarket in February 1724 was received triumphantly. Although the adventures of the Roman consul and the Egyptian queen were not a novelty, the magnificent beauty of the countless arias dedicated to the castrato Senesino and the famous soprano Francesca Cuzzoni turned this work into one of the most performed operas. However, swept away by the Romantic wave of the 19th century, it was only in 1922, in Göttingen, that it would briefly return to the stage, before making a comeback after the War with the great voices of that period. It was not until the 1970s, however, that the score would be reinstated in its entirety, with the original orchestration and tessitura. This new production, directed by Davide Livermore, continues in this tradition of historically informed performance practice. The run in Monaco is followed by guest performances of our company at the Wiener Staatsoper. Following her memorable incarnations of Ariodante and Alcina, Cecilia Bartoli presents her third Handelian character in Monte Carlo. At her side are three distinguished countertenors, some of the finest interpreters of 18th century music.
LES MUSICIENS DU PRINCE – MONACO
PRODUCTION TEAM
Conductor
Gianluca CAPUANO
Director
Davide Livermore
Assistant director
Aida Bousselma
Sets
Giò Forma
Costumes
Mariana Fracasso
Lighting design
Antonio CASTRO
Videos
D-Wok
Assistant conductor
Davide Pozzi
Repetitot
Marie-Eve Scarfone
Choirmaster
Stefano Visconti
SOLoISTS
Giulio Cesare
Carlo Vistoli
Cleopatra
Cecilia Bartoli
Tolomeo
Max Emanuel CENCIC
Cornelia
Sara Mingardo
Sesto
Kangmin Justin Kim
Achilla
Peter Kalman
Nireno
Federica Spatola
Curio
Luca Vianello
FIGURATION
Pompéo & Bodyguard
Ivan Miglioli
Bodyguard
Robert EDIOGU ABOTSIE
Cleopatra's assistants
Lisa Chirol
Mirabela Vian
Crew / Sailor / Machinist
Heathcliff Bonnet
Tibo Drouet
Maxime Nourissat
Charles Noyerie
Butler
Didier Dupuis
Machinist in costume
Laurent Barcelo
Chorus of the OPÉRA DE MONTE-CARLO
Choirmaster
Stefano Visconti
Pianist assistant to the choirmaster & consultant for the musical organisation
Aurelio Scotto
Chorus manager & librarian
Colette Audat
Sopranos I
Galia BAKALOV
Antonella CESARIO
Chiara IAIA
Felicity MURPHY
Sopranos II
Letizia PIANIGIANI
Laura Maria ROMO CONTRERAS
Mezzosopranos
Teresa BRAMWELL-DAVIES
Suma MELLANO
Altos
ORNELLA CORVI
Mathilde lazzaroni*
Catia PIZZI
Rosa TORTORA
Tenors I
Lorenzo CALTAGIRONE
Domenico CAPPUCCIO
Nicolo LA FARCIOLA
Tenors II
Pasquale FERRARO
Adolfo SCOTTO DI LUZIO
Salvatore TAIELLO
Baritones
Vincenzo CRISTOFOLI
Basses
Przemyslaw BARANEK
Paolo MARCHINI
Armando napoletano*
Edgardo RINALDI
Matthew THISTLETON
*additional chorus members for performances of Giulio Cesare in Egitto
les musiciens du prince-monaco
Violins I
Thibault Noally
Reyes Gallardo
Muriel Quistad
Roberto Rutkauskas
Anaïs Soucaille
Agnes Stradner
Anna Urpina Rius
Andrea Vassalle
Violins II
Nicolas Mazzoleni
Diego Moreno Castelli
Laura Cavazzuti
Francesco Colletti
Svetlana Fomina
Gian Andrea Guerra
Elisa Imbalzano
Altos
Patricia Gagnon
Diego Mecca
Massimo Percivaldi
Bernadette Verhagen
Cellos
Robin Geoffrey Michael
Guillaume François
Antonio Carlo Papetti
Emilie Wallyn
Doubles basses
Roberto Fernández de Larrinoa
Clotilde Guyon
Flutes
Benny Aghassi
Jean-Marc Goujon
Marco Scorticati
Oboe
Pier Luigi Fabretti
Guido Campana
Horns
Ulrich Hübner
Dileno Baldin
Gilbert Camí Farràs
Claude Padoan
Bassoons
Benny Aghassi
Ivan Calestani
Trumpets
Gabriele Cassone
Percussions
Paolo Nocentini
Harp
Marta Graziolino
Viola da Gamba
Cristiano Contadin
Harpsichord
Davide Pozzi
Gabriele Levi
Organ
Davide Pozzi
Theorbe
Michele Pasotti
Elisa La Marca
PERSONNEL DE SCENE
Stage director
Xavier Laforge
Main stage manager
Elisabetta Acella
Stage manager
Jérôme Chabreyrie
Lighting manager
Nicolas Payan
Surtitling manager
Sarah Caussé
Orchestra manager
Nicolas Payan
Assistant orchestra manager
Gleb Lyamenkov
TECHNIQUE
Technical director
Patrice Ayrault
Technical adviser
Nicola Schmid
Head machinists
Carlo Grenier
Olivier Kino
Heputy head machinists
Yann MOREAU
Franck SATIZELLE
Decorative painter
Gérard Périchon
Stage technicians
Tom Ayrault
Laurent BARCELO
Morgan DUBOUIL
jean-François Faraut
Jean-Philippe FARAUT
Axel GBEDO
Schama IMBERT
frédéric laugier
David M'BAPPÉ
Khalid NEGRAOUI
Chief electrician
Benoit Vigan
Deputy chief electrician
Gaël LE MAUX
Lighting technicians
Harley Basile
Grégory CAMPANELLA
Ludovic DRUIT
Robin Hec
Yann Hezard
Krystel Okwelani Bungu Maswa Ntoto
Laurent RENAUX
Pupitreurs
Dylan CASTORI
Grégory MASSE
Head of audio/vidéo
Benjamin GRUNLER
Video technician
Felipe MANRIQUE
Head prop maker
Audrey MORAVEC
Accessorists
Roland BIREN
Franck ESCOBAR
Thomas Guillaumme
Nicolas Leroy
Head of costumes
Eliane Mezzanotte
Deputy head of costume
EMILIE BOUNEAU
Assistant wardrobe manager
Stéphanie PUTEGNAT
Véronique TETU
Dressers
Christian CALVIERA
Nadine CIMBOLINI
Lili FORTIN
Edwige Galli
Julie JACQUET
Karinne MARTIN
Florence RINALDINO
Lauriane SENET
Chief wig and make-up
Déborah Nelson
Deputy Chief wig and make-up
Alicia Bovis
Hairdressers
Jean-Pierre GALLINA
Corinne PAULÉ
Marilyn RIEUL
Make-up artists
Sophie KILIAN
Agnès LOZANO
Francine RICHARD
Patricia ROCHWERG
TICKET OFFICE
Box office Manager
Virginie Hautot
Deputy Box office Manager
Jenna Brethenoux
Ticket service
Ambre Gaillard
Dima Khabout
Assmaa Moussalli
Davide Livermore
Singer, stage designer and theatre director, a rare combination nowadays. So how do you start off on a new project?
My point of reference is always the score, and only the score, so the first thing I do is study the music. My job is to understand the intentions of the composer and librettist, and then translate it into a form that speaks to a modern audience. An artist always communicates with the people around him. So if Handel or Verdi presented things to their own audience, I have to find a way of telling mine what they had imparted to theirs and why. It is not my job to provoke you, for instance. Verdi was a huge provoker, so I must simply make you understand the power of his provocation upon the people of his time…
So no “personal” style?
You could call this my style: aesthetic solutions that always emerge from the score and which aim at making clear what spectators felt when seeing the original piece. My Don Carlo production for Monte Carlo, for instance, consists of Velázquez paintings but seen from distorted angles and recreated with modern technology. In operas like Giulio Cesare we know that Handel had no intention to represent real people and historical events from Antiquity. Baroque opera is about human fragility. We are told things people can relate to in every century: about men and women, love, power, suffering and death. Ordinary stories for ordinary people. Here again, my job is to find a theatrical way that makes you realise what obsessed Handel three hundred years ago.
Therefore the form of opera seria determines a production that is different from a Verdi opera?
Of course: baroque opera with its rigid form requires another transposition than a Verdian drama, which unfolds in a completely different manner. I am fascinated, by the way, how the permanent reiteration of ornamented fragments has become something so natural in our present times: it is a basic element of pop songs, video clips, modern dance and art. Today, audiences relate to this narrative form far more naturally than maybe fifty years ago.
And finally – about Caruso?
I am excited about this project because it requires inventing a dramaturgy that combines my two passions: theatre and opera. And pays homage to one of the greatest voices ever. For me, this is an extraordinary characteristic you can find in so many great Italians: they become part of world heritage by creating art.
The action takes place in Egypt, in Alexandria.
Act I
Caesar is pursuing Pompy after defeating him at Pharsale in Greece, and on arrival at the port of Alexandria, is hailed by the Egyptian people. At the request of Pompy's wife, Cornelia and their son, Sextus, he agrees to show clemency to the loser when the general Achilla, Ptolemy's adviser, arrives. In order to attest his master's friendliness towards Caesar, he hands him Pompy's severed head. Cornelia swoons and Caesar, horrified, denounces Ptolemy's cruelty in front of Achilla. Cornelia, in despair, is joined by Sextus who declares he will avenge his father's death.
In her apartments, Cleopatra hears from Nireno that Pompy is dead and of Caesar's reaction. She decides to visit him so as to win him as an ally against her brother, Ptolemy.
Achilla proposes to Ptolemy that he kill Caesar in exchange for Cornelia's hand.
In his camp, Caesar muses on Pompy's ashes. Curio, the tribune, announces the arrival of Lydia (Cleopatra disguised as a servant). She asks Caesar for help against Ptolemy who steals from her mistress, Cleopatra. Overcome by her beauty, Caesar promises to help her, after having met Ptolemy. Cornelia arrives and manifests her desire to avenge Pompy. Sextus stops his mother : he will carry out the vengeance. Lydia (Cleopatra) offers to help them.
Ptolemy welcomes Caesar with much diplomacy, but Caesar mistrusts him. Achilla introduces Cornelia and Sextus : Ptolemy has them arrested. Achilla offers to help Cornelia in exchange for her love, but he is rejected. She is sent to the harem and Sextus to prison.
Act II
Lydia (Cleopatra) has organised entertainment to seduce Caesar. She appears to him dressed up as Virtue… Caesar, captivated, asks to meet her.In the garden of the harem, Cornelia laments her plight but refuses to yield to Achilla’s repeated advances. She complains of his insistence to Ptolemy, who in turn tries to seduce her. She contemplates killing herself but Sextus prevents her and vows to kill Ptolemy.
Lydia (Cleopatra) awaits Caesar by the fountain. He enters and talks to her of love. Curio breaks in suddenly: Ptolemy's men surround Caesar. Cleopatra then reveals her identity and tries in vain to stop her brother's men. She implores Caesar to flee. He first refuses but then leaves with Curio. Cleopatra, abandoned, cries over her misfortune.
Act III
Achilla informs Ptolemy that Caesar and Curio have escaped by throwing themselves into the port and have drowned, and that Cleopatra has sided with the Romans. Caesar being dead, he again requests Cornelia's hand. Ptolemy refuses. Achilla, furious, decides to join forces with Cleopatra. In a wood near Alexandria, Cleopatra's warriors are defeated by Ptolemy’s army. Cleopatra, emprisoned by her brother, gives vent to her grief : Cornelia and Sextus are at Ptolemy's mercy, Caesar is probably dead.
Caesar regains consciousness on the riverbank. Sextus and Nireno search for Ptolemy and find Achilla, mortally wounded. Before dying, the latter confesses that he murdered Pompy and wished to assassinate Caesar. He also reveals how he turned against Ptolemy when he refused him Cornelia's hand. He offers Sextus a seal by which his men will recognise him and allow him to enter into the palace to kill the tyrant.
Caesar appears, snatches the seal and reveals his identity. With Nireno, he leaves to rescue Cleopatra. Sextus regains hope as he sees vengeance in sight. In prison, Cleopatra begs her followers to flee before Ptolemy arrives to kill them. Upon hearing the clatter of weapons, Cleopatra thinks her end is nigh. But it is Caesar who enters, sword in hand. Cleopatra, now free, dons her armour. Cornelia is importuned by Ptolemy and tries to escape. Sextus arrives suddenly and kills the tyrant with his father's sword.
At the port in Alexandria, triumphal celebrations for Caesar and Cleopatra are being prepared. Caesar recompenses his allies and crowns Cleopatra with the Egyptian crown. The Egyptians join them to rejoice in the return of peace.
Texte traduit par Jane Dziuba
It was during his four year stay in Italy (1706-1710) that the young George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) familiarised himself with opera. Residing mainly in Rome, the Saxon composer was there during the exact period when Pope Clement XI, in the upsurge of the Counter Reformation, had banned opera productions. However, during that same period the literary reformation led by the Pontifical Academy of Arcadia was at its peak. Handel was able to observe its effects in the operas recently produced in the Peninsula, under the auspices of the Arcadian poet Apostolo Zeno (1658-1750), and which adhered to the classic ideals of verisimilitude and good taste: unity of action, time and place, simplification of the intrigues, fewer characters, restricting extravagant stage effects, eradication of comic elements (which is why this new dramma per musica or melodramma would later come to be known as opera seria, “serious opera”). It also resulted in a clear distribution of action and emotion between the recitatives (accompanied solely by the bass ostinato) and arias, the latter being prolonged in the form of arie da capo (arias in three parts, the third of which is the repetition of the first) and a reduction of their number.
Composed in 1724, Giulio Cesare coincided with the final libretti of Zeno and the first of his successor in the firmament of librettists, Pietro Trapassi, known as Pietro Metastasio (1698-1782). The opera’s librettist, the Roman Nicola Francesco Haym (1678-1729), had begun his career as cellist of Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni, a powerful patron of the arts and member of the Academy of Arcadia. Haym used an earlier libretto by Giacomo Francesco Bussani, set to music by Antonio Sartorio in Venice in 1675, so prior to the Arcadian reformation. However, he broadly revised the libretto to adapt it to modern tastes. The roles of Cornelia and her son Sesto were developed – a duet was even created for them. Conversely, the secondary roles characteristic of Venetian opera were reduced in number and importance: Curio and Nireno became simple foils (they even disappeared in many productions, as in today’s production in Monaco). The action was re-centred on the Cesare/Cleopatra/Tolomeo trio, and the title role was gratified with two additional scenes, among the most beautiful of the work: the scene where Cesare mourns over Pompey’s ashes (I), and the historical scene where he swims to safety (III). Thus, the revised libretto totally reflected the Arcadian ideal, and subsequently that of Metasasio, especially as it developed a historical subject (not without taking a few liberties). It was also remarkable for the profusion of arie, the quasi absence of duets and the moralizing message delivered by the intrigue: the noble Julius Caesar restores peace in Egypt and saves the honour of Pompey’s widow and son against his murderer, the devious Tolomeo.
Claire Delamarche © Opéra de Monte-Carlo, translated by Mary McCabe.
In the panorama of Italian baroque dramma per musica (or opera seria) Handel occupies a place apart. The German composer, born in Halle in 1685 (the same year as Johann Sebastian Bach) pursued his career for the most part in London, far from the animated aesthetic debates taking place across the continent. The capital of England had been a latecomer to opera, for political reasons preferring the Italian taste over the French, and had never risen to the heights of Rome, Venice, Naples or Vienna. Buoyed by the triumph in 1711 of his Rinaldo, and of his subsequent successes, Handel easily became the foremost dramatic composer in London. When the Royal Academy of Music was founded in 1719, in order to bring Italian operas to the King’s Theatre (founded on Haymarket by a group of nobles), he naturally became the official composer.
However, Handel’s career in London was not without difficulties. From 1729 he was to come up against two other composers, Attilio Ariosti and Giovanni Battista Bononcini, who had been brought in to reinforce the team at the Royal Academy. His rivalry with Bononcini soon turned into hatred. A number of eminent English families, hostile to George I, took the defence of the Italian, whereas the German was favoured by the King. Nevertheless, Handel continued composing with great success. After Il Radamisto, his first composition for the Royal Academy, came Il Floridante (1721), Ottone, re di Germania (1723), Flavio, re de’ Longobardi (1723), and then Giulio Cesare in Egitto (1724).
Giulio Cesare was to be the Royal Academy’s high point. After that the institution began a decline as rapid as it was spectacular. Mainly responsible for the decline were the singers with their high fees and exacerbated rivalries, stirred up by their rival factions. On 6 June 1727 during the final performance of the season (Bononcini’s Astianatte) the jealousy between the two star sopranos Francesca Cuzzoni and Faustina Bordoni turned into a fistfight. The incident coincided with the coronation of the new King, George II. A year later, the troupe was dissolved, but, along with other artists and with the support of the new royal couple, Handel immediately re-founded a second Royal Academy. From 1729 to 1733 he composed six more operas for the new Academy, but many Italian singers left the Academy to join a company recently created by the Prince of Wales, the Opera of the Nobility, where the famous castrato Farinelli was especially dazzling. A fierce battle between the two institutions ensued that bled them both dry. Handel made a few more attempts at opera, but they were not as successful as his early works. In his final years his greatest joys would come from his oratorios and instrumental music.
Claire Delamarche © Opéra de Monte-Carlo, translated by Mary McCabe
Created to put the stars of Handel’s troupe in the spotlight Giulio Cesare, like so many of its contemporary opere serie, bowed to the predominant vocal trends of the period: accentuating the performer’s virtuosity with arias full of acrobatic vocalisations, flamboyant high notes and sudden twists in the vocal register; or, conversely, arias brimming with lyricism and sensitivity, highlighting the artist’s vocal prowess, legato, and beauty of timbre. All in the style of the aria da capo, i.e. an aria in two stanzas, the first of which is repeated after the second, usually enhanced by the singer with numerous embellishments.
The first genre comprises these arie di paragone (arias of comparison) where the character compares himself to a hunter chasing his prey (Cesare, “Va tacito e nascosto”, I), to an offended snake (Sesto, “L’angue offeso”, II) or a raging torrent (Cesare, “Quel torrente”, III); or again the arie di furore (where furore simply indicates the intensity of a passion, and not necessarily madness or anger), like Cesare’s first aria (“Empio, dirò”, I), or his aria di vendetta (vendetta aria) “Al lampo dell’armi” (warrior aria where the expected trumpets are replaced by the violins, II). By contrast, Cesare also appears to enjoy love and pastoral arias, for example with “Non è si vago” (the flower in the field is not as beautiful as your face…, I) and “Se in fiorito ameno prato” (where the solo violin imitates the melodious birdsongs, themselves evoking the voice of the beautiful Lidia, II). Another kind of slow aria represented here is the lamento, of which Handel was a grand master (bringing to mind “Lascia ch’io pianga”, in Rinaldo). It is to Cleopatra that such an aria pays homage: the famous “Piangerò”, animated however by a central allegro typical of the aria di vendetta.
This contrast is just one of the stratagems Handel used to break with the monotonous alternation of recitatives and arie da capo. In this respect, one of the most remarkable scenes is the Parnassus scene (Act II). Under the guise of Virtue and surrounded by the nine Muses, Cleopatra uses her charms to seduce Cesare; a refined orchestral ritornello (oboe, two bassoons, solo strings, viola da gamba, harp and theorbo) runs through the entire scene, up to and including the highly sensuous aria “V’adoro, pupille”, that leaves Cesare burning with desire. Other powerful moments are recitatives accompanied by orchestra, such as “Alma del gran Pompeo” (Cesare standing over Pompey’s urn, I) and “Dall’ondoso periglio” (telling how he escaped by swimming away, III). The structure is made perfect by the richness of the orchestration and the harmony, consolidating Handel’s unique and stellar position in the grand galaxy of opera seria.
Prior to Rodelinda in 1725, Giulio Cesare was Handel’s greatest success and was performed thirteen times in a row. For its premiere it benefited from a particularly brilliant cast, with the castrati Senesino and Gaetano Berenstadt in the roles of Cesare and Tolomeo, Francesca Cuzzoni as Cleopatra, Margherita Durastanti as Sesto, Anastasia Robinson as Cornelia. There were three revivals at the King’s Theatre, on 2nd January 1725, 17 th January 1730 and 1st February 1732. Each revival was accompanied by in-depth revisions, making Giulio Cesare a particularly exhilarating opera, but also a conundrum for musicologists.
Claire Delamarche © Opéra de Monte-Carlo. Translated by Mary McCabe.