Bach Christmas Oratorio
Oratorio (cantatas I to III)
Music by Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
Texts from the Gospel according to Luke 2:6-20
Additional texts by Christian Friedrich Henrici, Johann Rist, Paul Gerhardt, Martin Luther and Christoph Runge
Premiere: Leipzig, St. Nicholas and St. Thomas churches, 25-27 december 1734
Since the middle of the 20th century, the Christmas Oratorio has become one of Bach’s most popular works in German speaking countries, performed both in concert and within religious ceremonies during the holiday season at the end of the year. Originally, the six parts were played between Christmas morning 1734 and Epiphany 1735 in the corresponding services at the Lutheran churches of St Thomas and St Nicholas in Leipzig. In the meantime it has become common, however, to present them all in a sequence, in our case the first three…
The Christmas Oratorio tells us about the first days in Christ’s life (in parts I-III, His birth, the arrival of the shepherds and their adoration). Structurally, it bears strong similarities with Bach’s famous Passions: a well-balanced mix of recitatives, contemplative arias, religious anthems and elaborate choruses, all sung in German. Our production adds a completely new century and style to the concert repertoire of the Chorus of the Opéra de Monte-Carlo, while also shedding a different light onto our period instrument orchestra Les Musiciens du Prince and chief conductor Gianluca Capuano.
Les Musiciens du Prince – Monaco
Conductor
Gianluca Capuano
Choirmaster
Stefano Visconti
Soprano
Regula Mühlemann
Alto
Anna Stephany
Tenor
Daniel Behle
Bass
Kartal Karagedik
CHŒUR DE L’OPÉRA DE MONTE-CARLO
Chef de chœur
Stefano Visconti
Consultant pour l’organisation musicale & assistant chef de chœur
Aurelio Scotto
Régisseuse du chœur & bibliothécaire
Colette Audat
Sopranos I
Galia BAKALOV
Chiara IAIA
Leslie Olga Visco
Sopranos II
Rossella ANTONACCI
Laura Maria ROMO CONTRERAS
VITTORIA GIACOBAZZI
Mezzo-sopranos
Teresa BRAMWELL-DAVIES
Suma MELLANO
Federica SPATOLA
Altos
ORNELLA CORVI
Catia PIZZI
Rosa TORTORA
Ténors I
Domenico CAPPUCCIO
Thierry DIMEO
Nicolo LA FARCIOLA
Ténors II
Pasquale FERRARO
Adolfo SCOTTO DI LUZIO
Salvatore TAIELLO
Barytons
Vincenzo CRISTOFOLI
Przemyslaw Baranek
Basses
Stefano Arnaudo
Paolo MARCHINI
Edgardo RINALDI
Matthew THISTLETON
LES MUSICIENS DU PRINCE - MONACO
General Manager
Margherita Rizzi Brignoli
Régisseurs orchestre
Nicolas Payan
Gleb Lyamenkov
Violons I
Thibault NOALLY (leader)
Ágnes KERTÉSZ
Beatrice SCALDINI
Anaïs SOUCAILLE
Anna URPINA RIUS
Muriel QUISTAD
Laura SCIPIONI
Violons II
Nicolas MAZZOLENI (leader)
Gian Andrea GUERRA
Diego Moreno CASTELLI
Laura CAVAZZUTI
Reyes GALLARDO
Svetlana FOMINA
Altos
Bernadette VERHAGEN (leader)
Patricia GAGNON
Diego MECCA
Emanuele MARCANTE
Violoncelles
Robin Geoffrey MICHAEL (leader)
Emilie WALLYN CROZATIER
Rolando MORO
Nicola BROVELLI
Contrebasses
Roberto FERNÁNDEZ DE LARRINOA (leader)
Clotilde GUYON
Flûtes
Jean-Marc Goujon (leader)
Pablo Sosa del Rosario
Hautbois et hautbois d'amour
Paolo GRAZZI (leader)
Guido CAMPANA
Hautbois de chasse
Andrea Mion
Emiliano Rodolfi
Bassons
Hugo RODRÍGUEZ ARTEAGA (leader)
Trompettes
Thibaud ROBINNE (leader)
Sebastian SCHÄRR
Tobias Bernhard Fehse
Timbales
Sebastiano NIDI
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
Weihnachts-Oratorium
[Christmas Oratorio], BWV 248
Cantatas I, II and III
Cantata no. 1
Jauchzet, frohlocket, auf, preiset die Tage
[Rejoice, exult, arise, praise the day]
For the first day of Christmas
Luke 2, 1 et 3-7
1. Chorus: Jauchzet, frohlocket, auf, preiset die Tage
2. Recitative (Evangelist): Es begab sich aber zu der Zeit
3. Recitative (alto): Nun wird mein liebster Bräutigam
4. Aria (alto): Bereite dich, Zion
5. Chorale: Wie soll ich dich empfangen
6. Recitative (Evangelist): Und sie gebar ihren ersten Sohn
7. Chorale (soprano) with recitative (bass): Er ist auf Erden kommen arm
8. Aria (bass): Großer Herr, o starker König
9. Chorale: Ach mein herzliebes Jesulein
Cantata no. 2
Und es waren Hirten in derselben Gegend
[And there were in the same country shepherds abiding]
For the second day of Christmas
Luke, 8-14
10. Sinfonia
11. Recitative (Evangelist): Und es waren Hirten in derselben Gegend
12. Chorale: Brich an, o schönes Morgenlicht
13. Recitative (Evangelist, Angel): Und der Engel sprach zu ihnen
14. Recitative (Evangelist): Was Gott dem Abraham verheißen
15. Aria (tenor): Frohe Hirten, eilt, ach eilet
16. Recitative (Evangelist): Und das habt zum Zeichen
17. Chorale: Schaut hin, dort liegt im finstern Stall
18. Recitative (bass): So geht denn hin, ihr Hirten
19. Aria (alto): Schlafe, mein Liebster
20. Recitative (Evangelist): Und alsobald war da bei dem Engel
21. Chorus: Ehre sei Gott in der Höhe
22. Recitative (bass): So recht, ihr Engel
23. Chorale: Wir singen dir in deinem Heer
Cantata no. 3
Herrscher des Himmels, erhöre das Lallen
[King of Heaven, harken to the murmur]
For the third day of Christmas
Luke 2, 15-20
24. Chorus: Herrscher des Himmels, erhöre das Lallen
25. Recitative (Evangelist): Und da die Engel
26. Chorus: Lasset uns nun gehen gen Bethlehem
27. Recitative (bass): Er hat sein Volk getröst’
28. Chorale: Dies hat er alles uns getan
29. Duet (soprano and bass): Herr, dein Mitleid, dein Erbarmen
30. Recitative (Evangelist): Und sie kamen eilend
31. Aria (alto): Schließe, mein Herze
32. Recitative (alto): Ja, ja, mein Herz soll es bewahren
33. Chorale: Ich will dich mit Fleiß bewahren
34. Recitative (Evangelist): Und die Hirten kehrten wieder um
35. Chorale: Seid froh dieweil
24. Chorus: Herrscher des Himmels (reprise initial chorus)
In 1723 Johann Sebastian Bach accepted the position of Cantor at the church of St. Thomas in Leipzig, a position he would hold until his death in 1750. As soon as he took office, he began writing cantatas for each Sunday and Feast of the liturgical calendar. In 1724 and 1727 he wrote two more ambitious scores, the St John Passion and the St Matthew Passion. In 1734, 1735 and 1738 he composed the Christmas, Easter and Ascension Oratorios.
The title “oratorio” is misleading, as these works bear little resemblance to this genre that appeared in Rome in 1600, a sort of sacred equivalent to opera (that was conceived at the same time in Florence) but without decors or costumes. The Easter and Ascension Oratorios adopt the form of a cantata, and the Christmas Oratorio consists of six cantatas that form a vast fresco of the Incarnation, but they were premiered separately in December 1734 and January 1735 at six different services: the three days of Christmas (25, 26 and 27 December), New Year’s Day (Feast of the circumcision of Jesus), the first Sunday of the year (2nd January) and the Epiphany (6th January).
Like the Passions, the Christmas Oratorio follows the tradition of representations of sacred texts illustrated by music that had flourished in Germany since the Middle Ages. The dramatic narrative is based on the Evangelists, enunciated by the tenor solo (Luke for the first four cantatas, Matthew for the last two). These narratives are in the recitative secco speech-like style (syllabic song accompanied only by a continuo instrument). Between these narrations, there are accompanied recitatives (i.e. with orchestra), arias, duets and choruses whose function is, in turn, to comment or narrate (in the narrations they represent angels or shepherds).
Following a practice common at the time, Bach resorted largely to the parody technique (re-using and adapting earlier works). More than half of the choruses and solos of the first five cantatas come from two secular cantatas written the previous year for the birthdays of Frederick Augustus II, Elector of Saxony, and his wife Maria Josepha: Herkules auf dem Scheidewege [Hercules at the Crossroads, BWV 213) and Tönet, ihr Pauken! [Resound, ye drums!, BWV 214]. The other numbers and the sixth cantata could come from cantatas that had been lost. Certain pieces settle with changing the text, others are substantially transformed. The recitatives, on the other hand, are all new, as they are intrinsically connected to the text.
Nevertheless, each cantata has its own personality. The libretto (anonymous) ensures the cohesion of the ensemble; the musicologists concur that this is the work of an erudite from Leipzig, Christian Friedrich Henrici, alias Picander (the librettist of the two Passions). Cantata no. 1, the most exuberant with its three trumpets, relates the census organized by Herod, the arrival of Mary and Joseph in Bethlehem and the birth of Jesus. Cantata no. 2, with its pastoral timbres of recorders and lower oboes (oboe d’amore and oboe da caccia), is more muted; here, the angels announce the Saviour’s birth to the shepherds. Cantata no. 3, with the return of the trumpets, illustrates the adoration of the shepherds beside the manger.
A third source is crucial in the score: the use of chorales, humble hymns expressing the Lutheran faith, that Bach adorns with magnificent harmonic robes. But they are not simply prayers: they provide a theological message. The first (no. 5, “Wie soll ich dich empfangen und wie begegn’ ich dir ?” [“O Lord, How shall I meet Thee, How welcome Thee aright?”], the agonizing wait for the coming of the Messiah), and the last (the final number of Cantata no. 6, a resounding polyphony celebrating the triumph of Christ over death and the forces of evil) re-uses the same melody, a famous Lutheran chorale that haunts the St Matthew Passion, although with different words. Perhaps, in this way, Bach sought to signify that if God is embodied in Jesus, then the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus were the price to pay for mankind’s salvation, and that his destiny was determined from the moment of his humble birth in Bethlehem.