Wagner Das Rheingold
Friday 21 February 2025 - 20 h
Sunday 23 February 2025 - 15 h
Tuesday 25 February 2025 - 20 h
Prologue to The Ring of the Nibelung
Music and libretto by Richard Wagner (1813-1883)
Premiere: Munich, Royal Theater, 22 september 1869
New production
For every opera house, a new production of any Wagner opera means a huge challenge for all its forces. In 2025, we have set us the goal to present you with a part of the Tetralogy, Das Rheingold, in one of Davide Livermore’s spectacular visualisations.
The revolutionary aspect of this production, however, lies in the musical side, notwithstanding recent endeavours by other companies: the recreation of the orchestra sound, the safeguarding of the clarity of the word, a special focus on the interplay between the voice and the orchestra, the difference between declamation and cantabile lines.
Chief Conductor Gianluca Capuano conducts a hand-picked cast of singers and Les Musiciens du Prince – our period instrument orchestra, which during the past years has successfully made a name for itself with operas from Monteverdi to Verdi. And now, it is ready to present its own stunningly fresh view of Wagner.
MAÎTRES D’ŒUVRE
Direction musicale
Gianluca Capuano
Mise en scène
Davide Livermore
Décors
Davide Livermore, Eleonora Peronetti & Paolo Gep Cucco
Costumes
Gianluca Falaschi
Lumières
Antonio Castro
Vidéos
D-Wok
Assistant à la mise en scène
Diego Mingolla
Assistant à la direction musicale
Benedikt Sauer
Assistante aux costumes
Anna Missaglia
Chef de chant
Aurelio Scotto
Musicologue
Kai Hunrich Muller
SOLISTES
Wotan
Christopher Purves
Donner
Kartal Karagedik
Froh
Omer Kobiljak
Loge
Wolfgang Ablinger-Sperrhacke
Fasolt
David Soar
Fafner
Wilhelm Schwinghammer
Alberich
Péter Kálmán
Mime
Michael Laurenz
Fricka
deniz uzun
Freia, Woglinde
Mélissa Petit
Erda
Ekaterina Semenchuk
Wellgunde
Kayleigh Decker
Flosshilde
Alexandra Kadurina
FIGURATION
Maud BOISSIÈRE
Lisa CHIROL
Hind Yasmine GUEFIF
Flore DENIS
Vladimir HUGOT
Artem USTINOV
Guillaume GALLO MANRIQUE
Nicolas VITALE
ENFANTS
Timothée Martin Péguy
Marcel Blanchard
LES MUSICIENS DU PRINCE - MONACO
General Manager
Margherita Rizzi Brignoli
Régisseurs orchestre
Nicolas Payan
Gleb Lyamenkov
Violons I
Thibault NOALLY (leader)
Ágnes KERTÉSZ
Andrea VASSALLE
Roberto RUTKAUSKAS
Fabrizio CIPRIANI
Nikita BUDNETSKIY
Anaïs SOUCAILLE
Beatrice SCALDINI
Muriel QUISTAD
Anna URPINA RIUS
Violons II
Nicolas MAZZOLENI (leader)
Francesco COLLETTI
Efix PULEO
Diego Moreno CASTELLI
Giovanni DALLA VECCHIA
Massimo PERCIVALDI
Reyes GALLARDO
Laura CAVAZZUTI
Svetlana FOMINA
Altos
Anne Sophie VAN RIEL (leader)
Jonathan PONET
Patricia GAGNON HUANG
Bernadette VERHAGEN
Emanuele MARCANTE
Elisa IMBALZANO
Violoncelles
Robin Geoffrey MICHAEL (leader)
Emilie WALLYN CROZATIER
Guillaume FRANCOIS
Antonio Carlo PAPETTI
Nicola BROVELLI
Nicolas FRITOT
Contrebasses
Roberto FERNÁNDEZ DE LARRINOA (leader)
Clotilde GUYON
Jean-Marc FAUCHER
Jussif BARAKAT
Flûtes
Pablo SOSA DEL ROSARIO (leader)
Reiko TSUIKI
Yat Ho TSANG
Flûte piccolo
Giulia BARBINI
Hautbois
Pier Luigi FABRETTI (leader)
Andrea MION
Aviad GERSHONI
Cor Anglais
Guido CAMPANA
Clarinettes
Francesco SPENDOLINI (leader)
Roberta CRISTINI
Alejandro FARIÑA MARTÍN
Clarinette Basse
Bernhard ROETHLISBERGER
Bassons
Benny AGHASSI (leader)
Hugo RODRÍGUEZ ARTEAGA
Hannah VOSS
Contrebasson
Hugo RODRÍGUEZ ARTEAGA
Cors d’harmonie
Thomas HAUSCHILD (leader)
Elliot SEIDMAN
Fiorenzo RITORTO
Guillermo PEREZ IZQUIERDO
Ulrich HÜBNER
Claude Padoan
Dileno BALDIN
Richard Che-Wei WU
Tubas wagnériens
Ulrich HÜBNER (leader)
Claude PADOAN
Dileno BALDIN
Richard Che-Wei WU
Tuba Basse
Harm VUIJK
Trompettes
Thibaud ROBINNE (leader)
Sebastian SCHÄRR
Patrick Martin DREIER
Trompette Basses
Hélène ESCRIVA
Trombones
Seth QUISTAD (leader)
Sverre RIISE
Trombone Basse
Daniel VESEL
Trombonne Contrebasse
Gunter CARLIER
Timbales
Sebastiano NIDI (leader)
Saverio RUFO
Percussions
Tommaso SALVADORI
Harpe
Tiziana TAGLIANI ZANETTI (leader)
Marta GRAZIOLINO
PERSONNEL DE SCENE
Directeur de scène
Xavier Laforge
Régisseur général
Elisabetta Acella
Régisseur de scène
Karine Ohanyan
Régisseur lumières
Léa Smith
Régisseur sur-titrage
Sarah Caussé
Régisseur enfants
Céline Capacci
TECHNIQUE
Directeur technique
ND
Responsable du bureau d’études
Nicola Schmid
Chef machiniste
Olivier Kinoo
Yann Moreau
Chefs machinistes adjoints
Jean François Chopin
Franck Satizelle
Peintre décorateur
Laurent Barcelo
Serrurier métallier
Schama Imbert
Techniciens de plateau
Fahd LOFTI
Stéphane SOUICI
Bruno MARTINEZ
Nicolas MANCEL
Khalid NEGRAOUI
Camille TAULELLE
Scott TASSONE
Chef électricien et vidéo
Benoît Vigan
Chefs électriciens adjoints
Gaël Le Maux
Nicolas Alcaraz
Techniciens lumières
Marine GENNA COSTA
Guillaume BREMOND
Bastien CARAMELLI
Romain LA BARBERA
Gaspard BELLET
Grégory CAMPANELLA
Baptiste MAGLIOLO
Pupitreurs lumières
Grégory Masse
Dylan Castori
Techniciens vidéos
Felipe MANRIQUE
Andolin FANTI
Chef accessoiriste
Audrey Moravec
Chef accessoiriste adjoint
Franck Escobar
Accessoiristes
Roland BIREN
Nicolas LEROY
Landry BASILE
Chef costumière-habilleuse
Eliane Mezzanotte
Chef costumière-habilleuse adjointe
Emilie Bouneau
Sous-chef costumière-habilleuse
Véronique Tetu
Habilleurs
Nadine CIMBOLINI
Lili FORTIN
Roxane AVELLO
Sandrine DUBOIS
Karinne MARTIN
Christian CALVIERA
Edwige GALLI
Florence CHAPUIS RINALDINO
Chef perruquière-maquilleuse
Déborah Nelson
Chef perruquière-maquilleuse adjointe
Alicia Bovis
Perruquiers
Corinne PAULÉ
Jean-Pierre GALLINA
Agnès LOZANO
Maquilleurs
Francine RICHARD
Sophie KILIAN TERRIEN
Marilyn RIEUL
Billetterie
Responsable billetterie
Virginie Hautot
Responsable adjointe billetterie
Jenna Brethenoux
Service billetterie
Ambre Gaillard
Dima Boughos
Assmaa Moussalli
As a musician, theatre man and philosopher – what excites you most about Wagner?
With my non-musical background, it remains a mystery why I started listening to Wagner as a nine-year-old boy. Which made me study German and immerse myself in the Wagnerian world to an extent that made me quite knowledgeable in this field.
I call Wagner a “cosmopoetic” composer. His unique creative power is comparable only to Bach’s before him, probably, and a few writ-ers from the Western literary canon, such as Dante, Shakespeare or Tolstoy. Wagner wanted to return to the Classical antiquity’s unity of the arts, which the Greeks called mousiké (μουσική) – the Muses’ craft. This term signified the totality of the performing arts, and contained a profound metaphysical meaning, which is the essence of Wagners concept of Gesamtkunstwerk. Greek tragedy is its first testimony and served as a permanent inspiration for Wagner, who simply substituted the Greek mythological apparatus with the Germanic one. It is not by chance that this aspect fascinated the young Nietzsche, who when nominated professor at the University of Basle’s Greek department immediately expressed his desire to meet Wagner in person.
What is so exceptional about this production?
It is the first time that a “philological” reading of a Wagner score is not only performed in concert but put on stage. Speaking about the musical side, I like to turn to famous singers such as Lili Lehmann who at Wagner’s request sang a Rhinemaiden, a Valkyria and the Woodbird in the very first Ring, and Brünnhilde in the 1896 Ring at Bayreuth. From her recordings we can learn a lot about the vocal style of those days: the light vibrato, nuance, portamenti and so forth.
We also have a lot of testimonies from the world premiere in Munich, 1869 – not authorised by Wagner but strongly desired by Ludwig II – and from the first Bayreuth Ring in 1876. We know the instruments and bows they used, and recent studies have provided new material about the 1876 concertmaster, August Wilhelmj, who also wrote a treatise on violin playing. Particularly interesting for us are his views on some principles of musical execution, such as the rubato, portamenti and the variability of tempi in general. With Les Musiciens du Prince we have already studied and performed German and French music from the late 19th century. Thus, we add another, important tessera to the growing mosaique of our repertoire.
What are we to expect from this performance?
We will take an indepth look at Wagner’s musical language, his articulatory demands and his original indications (for example the use by the singers of the “parlato”). I think one of the greatest surprises will be the difference in sound. Apart from the period wind instruments, the gut strings – which were still widely used until the First World War – will make the greatest impact upon you. Our sound will be transparent, maybe more coarse but radically different from the monumental Wagner we have been used to during the past hundred years.
Scene 1
In the depths of the Rhine.
The Rhinemaidens Woglinde, Wellgunde and Flosshilde have been entrusted by their father the river with guarding the Rhinegold. Woglinde and Wellgunde are playing in the river, paying little attention to the precious treasure. Flosshilde scolds them, before joining in their games (“Weia! Waga! Woge, du Welle”).
Alberich, a dwarf from the Nibelungen family, emerges from the bowels of the earth and approaches the riverbank. He tries to attract the three sisters, but they are repelled by his ugliness and they mock him. Each in turn, they pretend to fall for his seduction before quickly diving back into the waters (“Hehe! Ihr Nicker!”). The first rays of sun suddenly light up the Gold on the top of the cliffs which protect it. Alberich is dazzled by this magical sight. The Rhinemaidens innocently believe that he is ignorant and imprudently reveal to him the secret of the treasure: if it fell into the hands of someone who abjured love, the gold could be forged into a ring giving him the power to rule the world (“Lugt, Schwestern!”). Because of his deformity Alberich is incapable of winning a woman’s heart. He becomes obsessed with the thought of conquering the Gold and making it into the all-powerful Ring. The Rhinemaidens continue to tease him and momentarily drop their guard. He seizes the opportunity to agilely climb to the top of the cliff, abjures love and steals the treasure, vowing to forge “the avenging Ring” (“Bangt euch noch nicht?”). The Rhinemaidens are left alone with their despair.
Scene 2
The mists which had suddenly descended on the Rhine valley have cleared, revealing an expanse of green land on top of the mountains.
Wotan, ruler of the gods, and his wife Fricka are asleep. Fricka wakes and discovers in the background the new castle of the gods. She wakes her husband (“Wotan, Gemahl, erwache!”). Wotan gazes proudly at the fortress which the Giants Fasolt and Fafner have just finished building. But Fricka is worried about the salary promised to the Giants for their work: they were promised her sister Freia, who provides the Golden Apples which bestow eternal youth on the gods. Fricka blames her husband for putting power before love. He reminds her that out of love for her he sacrificed an eye and tells her that he has no intention of giving Freia to the Giants. He is relying on the cunning Loge, god of fire, to find a subterfuge (“Vollendet das ewige Werk!”).
Freia rushes in, she is terrified. She is being pursued by Fasolt and Fafner and begs her sister to help her. Wotan refuses to hand over Freia to the Giants and asks them to propose an alternative form of payment (“So schirme sie jetzt”). Fasolt is furious at Wotan’s proposal which flouts the Pact, the terms of which are engraved on the Lance, the symbol of the power of the king of the gods. If he betrays the runes the Giants will no longer recognise his supremacy. Wotan refuses and the Giants try to take Freia hostage by force (“Sanft schloß Schlaf dein Aug”). Donner, god of thunder, and Froh, god of light and rain, rush in to save their sister. A fight with the Giants ensues, but Wotan intervenes: the gods cannot use force on the Giants. The Pact is sacred and it must be respected (“Zu mir, Freia!”).
Loge arrives at last. He has inspected the castle, hoping to find a fault in the construction which would avoid Wotan having to honour his commitment, but he found no fault. He has also searched worldwide for a precious object which could replace Freia in the eyes of the Giants, but he now realises that there is nothing which can equal a woman’s love (“Endlich Loge!”). There is only one person, he continues, who has preferred riches and power to love, and that, as the Rhinemaidens told him, is Alberich. Wotan tries in vain to stop Loge talking, unaware that by speaking of Alberich Loge has already aroused the Giants’ greed, and it is only through their greed that Freia will be released (“Immer ist Undank Loges Lohn!”). Indeed, the Giants offer to return the goddess in exchange for the Gold, but Wotan refuses as he hopes that he can steal the Gold from Alberich for himself. Fasolt and Fafner drag Freia away warning Wotan that if the Gold is not handed over that evening they will keep her for all eternity.
Hearing Freia’s cries Donner and Froh come running in, but it is too late. The goddess has been kidnapped and, as thick fog descends, the gods immediately begin to wither (“Schwester! Brüder! Rettet! Helft!”). Loge mocks the gods who are now pale and weak. Fricka bitterly reproaches her husband. Wotan now has no choice: he must descend into Nebelheim, the Nibelungen’s den, and steal the Gold. Loge will accompany him in this enterprise. Smoke fills the stage and in the darkness Wotan and Loge descend into the bowels of the earth. In the distance can be heard the slaves of Nibelheim hammering on the anvils.
Scene 3
In Nibelheim, underground.
Alberich has enslaved the other dwarves and forced his brother Mime, a skilled blacksmith, to make a magic helmet for him, the Tarnhelm, which has the power to transform its wearer into any form or to make him invisible. Despite Mime’s resistance Alberich manages to wrench it from him. He immediately renders himself invisible and beats his poor brother mercilessly. He then tries out his newly acquired power on the army of slaves (“Hehe! Hehe! Hieher! Hieher!”). Loge and Wotan appear at the opening of the mine. Mime takes advantage of Alberich’s absence to tell them of the torments inflicted on him. The gods promise to help him. The dwarf then tells them of the powers of the Ring and the Tarnhelm, which excites Loge’s curiosity (“Nibelheim hier”). Alberich returns. Armed with a whip, the Tarnhelm attached to his belt, he commands the Nibelungen who transport the Rhine treasure (“Hieher! Dorthin! Hehe! Hoho!”). He suddenly sees the visitors and sends the slaves away. At first wary, Alberich is won over by Loge’s smart tactics, shows him his gold and boasts of his plans to rule the world. While Wotan expresses his indignation, Loge pretends to be concerned that such a treasure is exposed without any protection. Alberich proudly describes the powers of the Tarnhelm. Loge feigns his disbelief (“Was wollt ihr hier?”). Cut to the quick, Alberich transforms himself into a terrible dragon. Loge then defies him to transform himself into a tiny animal. Alberich turns into a toad and the gods hastily grab hold of him (“Riesenwurm winde sich ringelnd!”). The Nibelung turns back to his old form, but is tied up and led away by the gods.
Scene 4
A vast expanse of green land at the top of the mountains.
Wotan and Loge bring in Alberich, their prisoner. Loge mocks him, and Wotan offers him his freedom in exchange for the Ring and the Gold (“Da, Vetter, sitze du fest!”). Alberich asks them to untie his right hand. He raises the Ring to his lips and through the magic of the engraved runes orders the dwarves remaining in Nibelheim to show him the treasure. The Nibelungen bring the Gold, then flee in terror at the threats of a humiliated Alberich (“Wohlan, die Nibelungen rief ich mir nah”). Alberich tries in vain to seize the Tarnhelm, which Loge has added to his booty. Just as Alberich thinks that he has satisfied all their demands, Wotan orders him to hand over the Ring. He resists, but Wotan wrests it from his finger and slips it on his own finger. He then tells Loge to untie Alberich (“Gezahlt hab’ ich”). The dwarf is totally devastated, but he regains his composure and curses the Ring: if it is not returned to the finger of its first owner, it will bring only grief, fear and death to whoever wears it. Alberich runs away to Nibelheim (“Bin ich nun frei?”).
The fog lifts. Wotan admires the Ring, oblivious to Alberich’s threats. Donner, Froh and Fricka run in, anxious to know the outcome of the evening. Loge shows them the Gold which will serve to free Freia (“Lauschtest du seinem Liebesgruß?”) who arrives at that very moment guarded by the two Giants. Fricka greets her sister, but Fasolt tells her that she will belong to the Giants until Wotan has paid the ransom: the Gold must be piled high enough on her to hide her from view (“Auf Riesenheims ragender Mark”). The gods pile up the treasure on Freia, but her face is still visible. Loge has to place the Tarnhelm on her, but Fasolt can still see her eyes shining through a tiny slit. He demands that the slit be covered by the Ring (“Freia, die Schöne, schau’ ich nicht mehr”). Loge tries to negotiate: he is bound by his pledge to the Rhinemaidens. But Wotan has made no promises and the Giants order him to hand over the Ring. He categorically refuses to do so and the Giants prepare to take Freia away for ever.
The stage suddenly darkens and Erda the omniscient, goddess of the earth and fate, rises up out of the ground. She urges Wotan to back down and escape the curse of the Ring, warning him that if he does not, the race of the gods will irrevocably decline. She then disappears (“Weiche, Wotan”). Wotan tries to follow Erda to force her to give more prophecies, but Froh and Fricka restrain him. Donner calls back the Giants and Wotan finally agrees to hand over the Ring (“Hört, ihr Riesen!”). Fafner and Fasolt start to pile up the Gold, but quickly quarrel over the Ring. Fafner kills his brother and runs off with the treasure (“Halt, du Gieriger!”»). The power of the curse horrifies Wotan. He tries again to join Erda. Fricka restrains him and urges him to take possession of his new castle (“Wo weilst du, Wotan?”).
Donner creates a storm with his hammer, and the mist clears (“He da! He da! He do!”). In the clear sky Froh creates a rainbow which spreads as far as the gates of the fortress (“Zur Burg führt die Brücke”). Wotan is dazzled and hails the new home of the gods, resplendent in the setting sun. He baptises it Walhalla, the home of the heroes. Fricka asks him the meaning of this name, but Wotan replies that it will be revealed later. He invites the other gods to follow him to the fortress (“Abendlich strahlt der Sonne Auge”). Loge hesitates to cross the rainbow bridge, convinced that the gods are hastening their own end, and refusing to go down with them. He prefers to turn back into his elemental form of dancing flames, enabling him to burn down Walhalla. But he finally joins them (“Ihrem Ende eilen sie zu”). While the gods solemnly cross the rainbow bridge, the Rhinemaidens are heard lamenting their lost gold. They have the final word: “Tenderness and loyalty are only to be found in the depths. Those high above who laugh are deceitful and cowardly!”
An epic vision of a universe destroyed by greed, hunger for power and the negation of love, Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung) is one of the most monumental enterprises ever to be completed. Fifteen hours of music, divided into four dramas (a prologue, The Rhinegold, and three “days”, The Valkyrie, Siegfried and The Twilight of the Gods): the Ring has no equivalent in the history of opera, with the recent exception of Karlheinz Stockhausen Licht [Light], consisting of seven operas that correspond to the seven days of the week.
This colossal undertaking, inspired by Norse sagas (notably the Poetic Edda, Snorri Sturluson’s Prose Edda, the Völsunga saga and the Nibelungenlied) occupied Wagner for over a quarter of a century, interrupted, however, by the composition of Tristan and Isolde and The Master-Singers of Nuremberg. It covers the period from the very end of Lohengrin, Wagner’s last work of his early years, to the commencement of Parsifal, his artistic testament. The Ring germinated during the revolutionary effervescence of 1848-1849, in which the composer was actively engaged until he was forced to flee from Dresden under an arrest warrant. It was expanded in the political disillusionment during his exile in Zurich, at the same time as he wrote his major aesthetic manifestos Das Kunstwerk der Zukunft [The Artwork of the Future] and Oper und Drama (Opera and Drama), in 1849 and 1851 respectively. Wagner terminated the Ring in 1874. Its first complete performance, two years later, took place for the inauguration of the Bayreuth theatre, the long-awaited temple for the Wagnerian total art: the Ring is in fact the first manifestation of the Gesamtkunstwerk (total work of art) defined by Wagner in Opera and Drama. Considering himself a demiurgic genius, Wagner was at the same time composer, librettist, conductor, and director, combining drama, poetry and music in a unique creative movement and controlling all the parameters of its scenic representation in a theatre specifically designed to be worthy of his artistic ideal. Hence, everything was designed to make this “Tetralogy” the principal artistic, philosophical and even political manifesto of the flamboyant author.
Claire Delamarche, translated by Mary McCabe
At first Wagner only wanted to write an opera about the death of Siegfried, the future Twilight of the Gods. When he observed grey areas in the story, he went further back in time, recounting the youth of Siegfried (Siegfried), then the meeting of his parents Siegmund and Sieglinde (The Valkyrie). Hence, to put it in cinematographic terms, a “prequel” became necessary: The Rhinegold. This libretto is therefore the last of the four, drafted in autumn 1851, written in prose from 23 to 31 March 1852 and versified between 15 September to 3 November. The writing did not go smoothly: synthesising the sources in the “three” days was already a considerable task, but the challenge was even greater in the prologue as it had to provide the keys to understanding what followed, while at the same time ensuring in and of itself a dramatic interest. The Rhinegold is set in time immemorial, long before the other three operas. No humans yet on the horizon: the gods reign over a world of water-nymphs, dwarves and giants. And time itself seems to stand still in eternity, that nothing can perturb. Yet Wagner succeeds in captivating the audience, creating strong characters from among the principal figures of Norse sagas and developing a variety of intrigues around the Gold and the greed it provokes. He began composing the music on 1st November 1853. The piano version was completed on 14 January 1854, and the orchestration on 28 May.
Apart from the initial pages of Siegfried’s Death, that were subsequently abandoned, they were the first notes that Wagner put on paper since the completion of Lohengrin on 28 April 1848. True, during this entire period, the composer was beset by constant health and money problems. But these worries alone do not justify a silence of five years. Wagner was up against the wall. Compared to Lohengrin he was aware of the stylistic chasm he had to bridge to undertake his major work, an ambition that required entirely new musical principles. Hence he decided to adapt and perfect a system he had developed in Lohengrin, the use of leitmotifs (“leading motives”): a network of motifs representing ideas, characters, situations or anything else, that recur during of the work under more or less altered traits, in order to explain the drama or, on the contrary, to offer reverse shots of the action taking place.
Needless to say, this process needed to be of a totally different magnitude. It was no longer a question of marking out the score with a series of “signposts”. From the outset the motifs had to undergo a veritable symphonic development process in order to create a complex and varied polyphonic structure, while at the same time guaranteeing, via their ostentious or subliminal omnipresence, a coherent rationality for the enormous framework of the Ring. The leitmotifs metamorphose according to the situations, blending with virtuosity, flowing from one to another in an intense symbolism, in a word acquiring a life of their own that unfolds in line with the characters. The first to be written, The Rhinegold is the first essential phase in this journey. However, it is in The Valkyrie that the new system, set out in The Artwork of the Future (1849) and in Opera and Drama (1851), will find its true expression, attaining its summit in The Twilight of the Gods.
Claire Delamarche, translated by Mary McCabe
Prelude
The new Wagnerian style manifests itself right away in the prelude, one of the most famous in the history of opera. The world is created before our eyes, in the form of a E-flat major triad, constructed degree by degree: first, the root E-flat (double basses), followed by its fifth, B-flat (bassoons), and finally its third, G. This note serves as the basis for the first theme: an ascending arpeggio in E flat Major arpeggio played slowly by the eight horns, whose lines intermingle in an increasingly dense polyphony. Associated with the Rhine, this theme is one of the 32 leitmotifs that govern the entire score. The woodwinds soon introduce another, livelier, ascending theme: the Nature motif. The ripples of the waves, rendered by the swaying of the increasingly tightened strings, create a more exuberant polyphony over an extended 136-bar harmony in E-flat. As remarkable for the sensuality it radiates as for the sense of expectancy, of impatience even, created by a false immobility, the prelude, with its mysterious beauty, has fascinated many composers, notably the young Béla Bartók who incorporated the process at the beginning of his ballet The Wooden Prince (1917).
This prelude is a pure wonder, testifying to Wagner’s unparallelled orchestral invention. The entire Ring will be filled with descriptive orchestral pages, perfect little symphonic poems that are readily used to play in concert: “Ride of the Valkyries” and “Magic Fire” in The Valkyrie, “Forest Murmurs” in Siegfried, “Siegfried’s Rhine Journey” and “Funeral March” in The Twilight of the Gods. Not to mention The Rhinegold. Throughout the four scenes there is a succession of admirable orchestral sections, with or without voices. The ripples of the Rhine (scene 1); the mysterious mists surrounding the Valhalla (scene 2); the uproar in Nibelheim (scene 3); or the majesty of the fort that, after the storm unleashed by Donner clears the mists, is at last discovered (scene 4); these are but some of the colourful tableaux that embellish Wagner’s score. However, it is perhaps in the interludes that the orchestral palette is most strikingly revealed: in the fantastic descent of Wotan and Loge into Nibelheim between scenes 2 and 3, and their reascent, accompanied by Alberich, that precedes the final scene.
Scene 1
The curtain rises on the three Rhinemaidens swimming in the river. Their voices sway to the soothing 6/8 bar rhythm set in place by the prelude. From the very first bars their song sets out their associated leitmotif. Several essential motifs will be presented in turn during this first scene, in particular the Despair motif (sung by Alberich when he complains of being rejected by the Rhinemaidens), or the Rhinegold motif (a short horn call that rings out when the treasure shimmers in the first rays of dawn), the Rhinemaidens’ song motif about the Gold (when they begin to reveal the Gold’s supernatural powers to the dwarf), the Ring motif (when Alberich has a glimpse of the power that could be conferred on him if he steals the Gold), and, lastly, the Renunciation of love motif accompanying Alberich’s abjuration. The Rhinemaidens’ song motif about the Gold is sustained majestically on the word “Rheingold” [Rhinegold]; its sudden amplitude and solemnity are immediately engraved in the listener’s memory: a useful precaution on Wagner’s part, as this motif will undoubtedly be one of the most significant in the work.
Although the Rhinemaidens’ song retains a certain lyricism, Alberich’s song represents the new method adopted by Wagner. The bel canto that was still present in The Flying Dutchman, Tannhäuser and Lohengrin (Wagner was an admirer of Bellini) disappears in favour of long narrations in the arioso style: a song that is syllabic and closely connected to the prosody of the text, with no interruptions or repetitions, in the form of a spoken monologue. In Wagner’s conception of opera the conventions inherited from Italian opera represented by arias, duets, ensembles and choirs no longer have a place. Henceforth approached as a “continuous melody”, the song had to flow from the drama and the words, and not from conventions inherited from times past. It is the orchestra that carries most of the leitmotifs, commenting, enlightening, nuancing, deepening everything that a musical discourse cannot adequately express.
Scenes 2 to 4
Set in a period long before that of the following scenes, scene 1 forms a sort of “prologue within the prologue”, its role in Rhinegold similar to that of this work in the “Tetralogy”. Inside this structure – one preliminary scene and three main scenes – scenes 2 and 4, set in a vast mountain landscape at the foot of the Valhalla, respond to each other, encircling scene 3 that takes place in the infernal racket of Nibelheim, in the industrious bowels of the earth. The delightful intrigues – particularly the parts with the Nibelungen Alberich and Mime, the Giants Fasolt and Fafner or Loge the god of fire – alternate with slower-moving tableaux of gripping solemnity, the most striking example of which is certainly Erda’s prophecy in scene 4, warning the gods against the power of the Ring and announcing the twilight of the gods.
Many new leitmotifs emerge in these scenes, such as the noisy theme of the Forge, hammered out at the beginning of scene 3, the mysterious Tarnhelm motif, played by four muted horns, or the Dragons motif with its sinister augmented fourths. They will appear again in the three subsequent operas. One of the most remarkable motifs is the Valhalla, derived from the Ring motif through an admirable musical transmutation between the end of scene 1 and the beginning of scene 2 (the pronouncement three times of the Ring motif informing us that Alberich is already forging it). This magnificent fanfare reverberating on the mountainsides, one of which reveals the outlines of a new fortress of the gods, still shrouded in mist. We have here the rare presence of a bass trumpet (usually played by the trombonists) and the first appearance of an instrument perfected in 1876 at Wagner’s request by Adolphe Sax (the inventor of the saxophone and the saxhorn), the Wagnerian tuba. Here, there are four of these instruments (played by the horns), providing an ideal timbre to the vision of Valhalla and blending the velvet sounds of the horns with the power of the trombones.
Another fundamental motif is the Spear of Wotan, symbol of the power of the king of the gods (the intangible laws are engraved in runes on the spear). A majestic step by step descending scale, this theme is present in scene 2, after the dialogue between Fasolt and Wotan, when the indignant giant reminds the god of their contract, the terms of which are engraved on the Spear: Wotan has promised to give Freia, the goddess of youth, to the giants Fasolt and Fafner in exchange for building Valhalla. Also based on this theme is the interlude between scenes 2 and 3 – Wotan’s and Loge’s descent into Nibelheim – blended with the Renunciation of love motif.
Entering Valhalla
The work ends with the magnificent vision of the gods entering Valhalla to the sound of the theme associated with the fortress. Once the storm unleashed by Donner has dispersed the mists and Froh has created a rainbow to serve as a bridge, Wotan praises the building that has been revealed, announcing its name to the other gods and inviting them to follow him. A glorious fanfare on an arpeggio in C-major, the Sword motif, slashes the velvet tremolos of the strings. Its signification is still unknown, but we sense that behind its victorious appearance lies a flaw, a doubt in Wotan’s certitudes. A musical nemesis of the Spear motif, the Sword motif is in fact linked to the race of men that Wotan will be forced to create so that they can retrieve the lost Ring for him. But this race of men is also the one that will replace the race of gods after the collapse of Valhalla, at the end of The Twilight of the Gods.
Only the visionary Loge hesitates to enter the fortress. His voice covers the Rhinemaidens’ complaint, weeping the loss of their treasure and demanding its restitution in the name of a return to an undefiled Nature. The idealistic image of the last tableau is blurred by the fire and water that come together, and we sense that they will both play a vital role to achieve a vision that is still vague. If the Ring began in the watery depths, it will end in a huge celestial inferno. But the collapse of Valhalla in the flames, dragging the gods down with it, will also allow the return of the Gold to the waters of the Rhine. The Sword theme will have the last word. The mystery still surrounding it (it is only in Act I of The Valkyrie that its signification will be revealed) provides a preliminary vision of the three works to come. Its brilliance and pride also carry a message of hope. Between the end of Rhinegold and the final catastrophe of The Twilight of the Gods, another three operas and approximately twelve hours of music will be created.
Claire Delamarche, translated by Mary McCabe