Wagner Tristan und Isolde - Act II
Music and libretto by Richard Wagner (1813-1883)
Premiere: Munich, Royal Bavarian Court Theater, 10 june 1865
First part:
Adagio from Symphony No. 10 in F-sharp major (c. 1910 - unfinished) by Gustav Mahler (1860-1911)
In collaboration with the Orchestre Philharmonique de Monte-Carlo and as a prelude to Printemps des Arts de Monte-Carlo
In 1876 – seven years before Wagner’s death – the Monte Carlo audience attended a concert featuring the prelude of Tristan und Isolde. This piece “let murmurs rise from the audience; Wagner’s exaggerations found no more credence in Monaco than in Paris”. After some mostly homeopathic doses of Wagner’s music – but including a full production of Lohengrin – Tristan returned to the Salle Garnier on 21 March 1893. It was the first year of Raoul Gunsbourg’s tenure as our company’s director and also the opera’s first performance in the French-speaking world. Sung in French and received with a certain reserve, this is still a moment of major importance in the work’s performance history, not in the least for the presence of Friedrich Kranich, Gunsbourg’s technical director, who worked in Monte Carlo in winter, and in Bayreuth in summer.
In the context of our Rheingold premiere we see this concert, performed by the Orchestre Philharmonique de Monte-Carlo and Philippe Jordan, as a kind of “back to the future” experience: a unique chance to hear within days Wagner performed historically informed, as well as on modern instruments.
Conductor
Philippe Jordan
Repetitor
Kira Parfeevets
Tristan
Andreas Schager
Isolde
Anja Kampe
Le Roi Marke
Georg Zeppenfeld
Brangäne
Ekaterina Gubanova
Melot
Neal Cooper
Kurwenal
Przemyslaw Baranek
ORCHESTRE PHILHARMONIQUE DE MONTE-CARLO
Directeur artistique et musical
Kazuki Yamada
Premiers violons
David Lefèvre
Liza Kerob
Sibylle Duchesne
Ilyoung Chae
Diana Mykhalevych
Gabriel Milito
Mitchell Huang
Thierry Bautz
Isabelle Josso
Morgan Bodinaud
Milena Legourska
Jae-Eun Lee
Adela Urcan
Evgeny Makhtin
NN
Seconds violons
Peter Szüts
Nicolas Delclaud
NN
Frédéric Gheorghiu
Nicolas Slusznis
Alexandre Guerchovitch
Gian-Battista Ermacora
Laetitia Abraham
Katalin Szüts-Lukacs
Eric Thoreux
Raluca Hood-Marinescu
Andriy Ostapchuk
Sofija Radic
Hubert Touzery
Altos
François Méreaux
Federico Andres Hood
François Duchesne
Charles Lockie
Richard Chauvel
Mireille Wojciechowski
Sofia Timofeeva
Tristan Dely
Raphaël Chazal
Ying Xiong
Thomas Bouzy
Ruggero Mastrolorenzi
Violoncelles
Thierry Amadi
Delphine Perrone
Alexandre Fougeroux
Florence Riquet
Bruno Posadas
Thomas Ducloy
Patrick Bautz
Florence Leblond
Thibault Leroy
Caroline Roeland
Contrebasses
Matthias Bensmana
Tarik Bahous
NN
Mariana Vouytcheva
Jenny Boulanger
Sylvain Rastoul
Eric Chapelle
Dorian Marcel
Flûtes
Anne Maugue
Raphaëlle Truchot-Barraya
Delphine Hueber
Piccolo
Malcy Gouget
Hautbois
Matthieu Bloch
Matthieu Petitjean
Martin Lefèvre
Cor Anglais
NN
Clarinettes
Marie-B. Barrière-Bilote
Véronique Audard
Petite clarinette
Diana Sampaio
Clarinette basse
NN
Bassons
NN
Arthur Menrath
Michel Mugot
Contrebasson
Frédéric Chasline
Cors
Patrick Peignier
Andrea Cesari
Didier Favre
Bertrand Raquet
Laurent Beth
David Pauvert
Trompettes
Matthias Persson
Gérald Rolland
Samuel Tupin
Rémy Labarthe
Trombones
Jean-Yves Monier
Gilles Gonneau
Ludovic Milhiet
Tuba
Florian Wielgosik
Timbales & Percussions
Julien Bourgeois
Mathieu Draux
Antoine Lardeau
Noé Ferro
Harpe
Sophia Steckeler
“Never in my life having enjoyed the true happiness of love, I shall erect a memorial to this loveliest of all dreams in which, from the first to the last, love shall, for once, find utter repletion. I have devised in my mind a Tristan and Isolde, the simplest, yet most full-blooded musical conception imaginable, and with the ‘black sail’* that waves at the end I shall cover myself over – to die”.
For anyone curious about Tristan and Isolde, this letter from Wagner to his friend Franz Liszt (16 December 1854) is essential. For many years Wagner had been interested in this medieval legend, in particular Gottfried von Strassburg’s unfinished version (13th century). But it was the first time he had seriously considered making it his eighth opera. The project was conceived under the double influence of Schopenhauer (Wagner had just discovered The World as Will and Representation), and his hopeless love for Mathilde Wesendonck, the wife of a silk trader whose generosity had enabled him to survive in Zurich since fleeing from Dresden after the revolution of 1849.
In 1857 things began to go very fast: Otto Wesendonck moved Wagner and his wife Minna into a cottage in the grounds of his domain. Wagner then put aside the composition of Siegfried, the third opera of The Ring of the Nibelung tetralogy, to work entirely on setting to music five poems by Mathilde, that he called his Isolde. Wagner clearly considered the Wesendonck-Lieder as studies for Tristan, the first Act of which was also completed in 1858. Their love affair was discovered by their respective spouses and Wagner was forced to flee to Venice, where he terminated Act II, and then to Lucerne in 1863, where he added the finishing touches in August 1859. The premiere, which had been scheduled to take place in Vienna in 1863, was cancelled after seventy-seven rehearsals: the score was judged unperformable. However, in 1854 luck was finally on his side when Ludwig II became King of Bavaria at the age of 18. A fervent admirer of Wagner, he settled his debts and organized the first presentation of Tristan in Munich on 10 June 1865. The orchestra was conducted by Hans von Bülow, despite the fact that for two years Wagner had been having an affair with his wife, Cosima (Liszt’s daughter). Their eldest daughter, Isolde, was born two months previously.
Tristan and Isolde caused turmoil in the music world. Few pieces would cause as much ink to flow as the prelude, with its constantly changing harmony and orchestral opulence. This intoxicating hymn to desire is sated by the duet that pervades the entire Act II.
In Act I Tristan accompanies Isolde to his uncle, King Marke. Tristan and Isolde become attracted to each other and want to drink a death potion together. But Brangäne substitutes it with a love potion. They fall irremediably in love. In Act II Isolde is now Marke’s wife. Tristan’s so-called friend, Melot, is jealous of him and organizes a night-time hunting party in order to lure the king away and to catch the lovers together when they return. The fading sound of six horns indicates that the hunters are moving further and further away. At the agreed signal Tristan joins Isolde and the duet can begin. After a long conversation on the hostility of the realm of daylight, they begin singing a hymn to the night, “O sink hiernieder, Nacht der Liebe”. Ignoring Brangäne’s warnings, they abandon themselves to their passion, calling for a death dedicated to the triumph of the night, a realm of sweetness and love, over daylight, populated by enemies and lies. The music prefigures the exhilarating sensuality of the final scene of Act III with Isolde’s love death (Liebestod) over her lover’s corpse. But at the height of ecstasy, the duet is interrupted by a cry from Brangäne: the hunting party has returned. Marke is heartbroken by his wife’s betrayal, but even more so by the betrayal of his nephew, the person he loved the most in the world and was planning to make his heir (“Tatest du’s wirklich?”). Tristan invites Isolde to accompany him into the realm of the night. During a skirmish with Melot, he is mortally wounded.
Claire Delamarche, translated by Mary McCabe
* In the medieval legend, after Tristan has accepted to render Iseult the Fair to King Mark, he marries another Iseult, Iseult of the White Hands. Mortally wounded, he sends for Iseult the Fair, the only one who can heal him. It is agreed that the ship will sail back flying a white sail if she agrees to return to help him, and flying a black sail if she refuses. The vessel does return waving a white sail, but Tristan’s jealous wife lies to him about its colour. Tristan dies of grief and Iseult the Fair, discovering his corpse, dies in his arms.